The steering system is one of the most important systems of a tractor, and it helps with manoeuvrability, stability, and ease of operation. An efficient steering system is efficient, reduces operator fatigue and adds to the farm. So, a farmer, an agricultural mechanist, or a mechanical engineer learns about a tractor steering system to gain better knowledge about its performance and maintenance.

Classification of Steering System

A tractor has different types of steering systems depending on their design, usage, and terrain analysis. They usually fall into two broad categories:

• Manual Steering System

Old tractors are equipped with a manual steering system. Here, the steering works through mechanical linkages aided by manpower applied in the direction of moving the tractor to that side.

Manual steering is a simple and reliable solution. However, this requires a lot of effort in steering and is therefore not suitable for several heavy-duty agricultural operations.

• Power Steering System

Modern tractors have power steering, either hydraulic or electric, which reduces the effort of the operator in steering. This is very much needed in big and heavy tractors where manual steering is impossible.

Components of a Tractor Steering System

The tractor steering system is composed of several components that work together to enable the tractor to steer, control and stabilise in motion. They are:

• The steering wheel

The steering wheel is the operator’s main interface with the tractor’s steering system, where the driver can choose the left or right direction of movement.

• The steering column

This vital component connects the steering wheel to the gearbox for the passage of instructions given by the operator to the mechanical or power-assisted steering components.

• The steering gearbox

The gearbox converts the rotational movement of the steering wheel into a linear movement that will help the operator steer the wheels in the direction he intended to.

• Linkages and tie-rods

The linkages and tie-rods transfer motion from the gearbox to the wheels to make accurate changes in direction.

• Hydraulic pump (in power steering systems)

A power steering tractor of this type uses a hydraulic pump to assist with steering by giving pressurised fluid, which thus helps reduce human effort. 

How a Tractor Steering System Works

The working of a tractor’s steering depends on whether it is manual or power-assisted.

1. Working Mechanism of Manual Steering

• The operator turns the steering wheel for its rotation, and this then activates the steering column.
• The column connects to the steering gearbox, which converts this rotation into linear motion.
• This motion is then transmitted to the wheels by means of tie rods and linkages to turn them.

2. Working Mechanism of Power Steering

• When the operator turns the steering wheel, sensors detect the input.
• Additional force is applied to one of the wheels with a hydraulic pump or electric motor.
• This reduces the effort required of the operator, and steering becomes lighter and more efficient.

Advantages of Power Steering in Tractors

In modern farming technology wherein, adopting power steering in tractors has brought forth several advantages:

• Low operator fatigue: Difficulty in manoeuvring becomes less with power steering, giving the operators more time to work in the field.
• Ease of manoeuvrability: This will make it easier to navigate the tractor on rough land.
• It is more productive: While working on the tractor, the operator will not struggle against stiff steering.
• Safety: It reduces accidents, mainly being metric in heavy tractors. 

Common Steering System Issues and Maintenance Tips

Continuous maintenance is required to keep the steering system of a tractor in good condition and working smoothly. The most common problems include the following:

1. Hard Steering

If the steering of a tractor becomes hard to turn, it could owe to:

• Low hydraulic fluid levels
• Worn-out steering component
• Malfunctioning hydraulic pump

Solution: Examine fluid levels, check components for signs of damage, and fix or replace faulty parts accordingly.

2. Loose Steering

An excessive amount of free play in the steering wheel may cause difficulty in accurately controlling the tractor. The causes might include:

• Worn-out tie rods
• Loose column or gearbox

Solution: The loose or worn parts must be tightened or replaced to restore precise steering.

3. Steering Wheel Vibration

The cause of vibration of the steering wheel is due to the following causes:

• Wheels out of alignment
• Worn tires
• Faulty steering components

Solution: Correct wheel alignment, replace worn-out tyres with new ones, and check the suspension system.

4. Leaks in the Power Steering System

Power steering tractors rely on hydraulic fluids, and leaks can negatively influence power efficiency. The most common signs are very hard to turn and liquid stains on the ground beneath the tractor.

Solution: Locate the source of the leaks and replace damaged seals or hoses without delay. 

Tractor Models With Advanced Steering Systems

Mahindra offers a diverse range of tractors with different steering systems for enhanced performance, comfort, and efficiency. Below is an overview of Mahindra OJA, YUVRAJ, JIVO, X Plus, and SP Plus tractors and their steering systems.

1. Mahindra OJA

The Mahindra OJA is a new-age tractor series suited for modern-day farming needs, with advanced technology and operational efficiency. It leads to better manoeuvrability and lowered operator fatigue through its Hydrostatic power steering. Responsive steering makes it a better fit for precision farming as well as for operations that require regular turning. 

2. Mahindra YUVRAJ

Mahindra YUVRAJ 215 NXT is a compact, light-duty tractor that is very popular among small farmers. Manual steering has been given in the tractor, which is easy to operate as the size and weight of the implement are smaller. This is an economical solution and perfect for small farming operations.

3. Mahindra JIVO

Mahindra JIVO is a small, high-performing tractor series for orchard and intercultural farming. The tractors in the series have power steering, so they are easy to handle even in tight spaces. The steering is very light and soft, so there is minimal fatigue for the operator with optimal control.

4. Mahindra X Plus

Mahindra X Plus tractors are known for their performance and durability. Power steering has been given in the tractors, so control is easy, and steering requires less effort. The system is designed to give manoeuvrability in rough terrain and heavy applications.

5. Mahindra SP Plus

The Mahindra SP Plus series boasts cutting-edge fuel efficiency and dependability. Its dual-acting steering ensures that little effort is made while steering and precision is gained while driving. The tractors are beneficial for both field operations and transport work.

Conclusion

For any tractor, an appropriate steering system is essential in determining performance, ease of use, and efficiency. Knowledge about the various types of steering, components involved, and maintenance will aid the farmers or operators in making the right choice. Manual or power steering alike, maintenance regularly ensures that tractors work properly and their lifespan is prolonged.

With ongoing advances in technology, the future for tractors is to possess even more innovations in steering systems, providing further impetus for agricultural productivity and convenience.